Understanding the Importance of Liquid Measurements in Mass and Energy Transfer

Mass and energy transport processes across a gas-liquid interface are dominated by shear and turbulence. This phenomenon can be observed in various natural environments and human-made systems, such as rapids in mountain streams, breaking waves, nuclear reactors, process engineering plants, and violent flows in water conveyance infrastructures.

Gas-liquid flows play a crucial role in mass, momentum, and energy transfer. Accurate measurements of bubble velocity are essential to understand fundamental gas-liquid flow processes. However, laboratory scale investigations often suffer from a velocity bias, which may affect the extrapolation of results to full-scale applications.

To overcome this issue, a correction method is proposed based on a force balance on the bubble. This approach enables the assessment of bubble-probe interaction bias for various types of gas-liquid flows and the recovery of undisturbed real bubble velocities. Using state-of-the-art instruments and analysis algorithms, it has been shown that bubble-probe interactions lead to an underestimation of real bubble velocity due to surface tension.

Intrusive probes used in phase-detection techniques are commonly employed to measure bubble velocities, which are assumed to be directly representative of bubble velocities. However, this assumption is not always accurate due to the influence of surface tension and other factors.

The importance of liquid measurements cannot be overstated, as they have significant implications for various industries and natural environments. Understanding the dynamics of gas-liquid flows can help improve the design and operation of nuclear reactors, water treatment infrastructure, and other systems that rely on these flows.

In conclusion, accurate liquid measurements are critical for understanding mass and energy transfer processes across gas-liquid interfaces. The proposed correction method offers a promising approach to overcome velocity bias and provide more accurate measurements of bubble velocities in various types of gas-liquid flows.

Liquid measurements